In nature, crystals are never perfect and contain various types of defects (defects). In this 3D model, a screw dislocation defect is shown. Edge dislocations occur due to the introduction or elimination of additional atomic rows/planes in the crystal.

This boundary refers to the area where crustal plates move away from each other, usually forming new crustal materials such as oceanic ridges.

The coastal type and topography of the coastal zone are material responses to the interaction between land and sea. According to their causes, coasts can be divided into three types: erosive coasts, accumulative coasts, and balanced coasts. According to land landforms, coasts can be divided into plain coasts, mountainous hilly coasts, and biotic coasts.

From a geological perspective, the shallow sea area at the edge of the ocean is a continent submerged by seawater, known as the continental margin. The continental margin accounts for 15.3% of the total ocean area, with the main body being the continental shelf, followed by the continental slope and continental base. Passive continental margin, also known as Atlantic type continental margin. The so-called stable continental margin refers to a continental margin that has been in a relatively stable state for a long time in terms of structure. Its crust is a transition zone from oceanic crust to continental crust, with continents and oceans located within the same rigid lithospheric plate. It does not have a trench subduction zone, and its early splitting stage is located within the plate, followed by passive movement with the splitting plate, so there are no strong earthquakes.